652 lines
51 KiB
HTML
652 lines
51 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8" />
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
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<title>About SunScope · The True Temperature</title>
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<meta name="description" content="SunScope uses the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and an original soak-factor formula to show how the weather will really feel on your body — including the effect of rain, snow, wind and solar radiation." />
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<meta name="robots" content="index, follow" />
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://sunscope.net/about.html" />
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<!-- Open Graph -->
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<meta property="og:title" content="About SunScope · The True Temperature" />
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<meta property="og:description" content="What is UTCI? How does the SunScope soak-factor work? Learn how SunScope calculates urban concrete heat, vehicle interior temperatures, and gives you a more honest outdoor comfort forecast." />
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://sunscope.net/about.html" />
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<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
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<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 100 100'><text y='.9em' font-size='90'>☀️</text></svg>" />
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<link href="https://fonts.bunny.net/css2?family=Fraunces:ital,wght@0,900;1,300&family=Manrope:wght@400;600&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;600&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="./assets/about.css">
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<!-- Structured data for AEO / AI search -->
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<script type="application/ld+json">
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{
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"@context": "https://schema.org",
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"@type": "WebSite",
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"name": "SunScope",
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"url": "https://sunscope.net",
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"description": "SunScope is a free outdoor thermal comfort forecast using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and the SunScope soak-factor for precipitation."
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}
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</script>
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<script type="application/ld+json">
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{
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"@context": "https://schema.org",
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"@type": "FAQPage",
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"mainEntity": [
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "What is UTCI and why is it better than a standard feels-like temperature?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is a peer-reviewed biometeorological standard developed by Bröde et al. (2012) and used in public health systems worldwide. Unlike simple feels-like values that only apply wind-chill or heat-index formulas, UTCI combines air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and the full solar radiation load using a physiological model of the human body. It accounts for mean radiant temperature from all surrounding surfaces, making it a much more accurate predictor of actual thermal comfort and heat stress."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "What is the SunScope soak-factor?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "The SunScope soak-factor is an original precipitation penalty formula that reduces the UTCI felt-temperature value based on rain intensity, snowfall, and wind speed — reflecting the extra chill of wet clothing and skin that standard UTCI does not account for. The result is shown as UTCI+P."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "How hot does a car get in the sun?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "A sealed car in direct sunlight can reach cabin temperatures 20–30 °C above outside air temperature within 30–45 minutes. On a 25 °C day with strong sun, cabin air can hit 50–55 °C. SunScope models this hour by hour using the actual solar radiation forecast, accounting for body panel conduction and window solar gain. Values above 35 °C are dangerous for children and pets; above 45 °C can be fatal within minutes."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "Does opening car windows reduce the temperature inside?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "Yes, significantly. Open windows allow convective airflow to flush hot cabin air out continuously, reducing heat build-up by roughly 60–80% compared to a sealed vehicle. SunScope's Vehicle column includes a Windows open toggle that switches the physics model to a ventilated state, showing you the estimated cabin temperature with windows cracked compared to fully sealed."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "Is it safe to leave a dog in a parked car?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "No — on any warm or sunny day a sealed vehicle heats up rapidly to temperatures that can cause heatstroke and death in animals within minutes. Dogs cannot cool themselves as efficiently as humans and are at risk at cabin temperatures above 32 °C. SunScope's Vehicle interior column gives an hour-by-hour estimate of cabin temperature so you can see at a glance whether conditions are safe."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "How do I keep my house cool in a heatwave without air conditioning?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "Keep curtains and blinds closed during the day to block direct solar gain, then open windows once outdoor air drops below the indoor temperature — usually in the evening or early morning. SunScope's Home profile lets you select your building type (brick, modern, Victorian terrace, stone cottage, timber frame, flat, or conservatory) so the model reflects how your building actually heats up. Ticking Managed shows the effect of following this advice hour by hour — so you can see exactly when to open up and how much difference it makes."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "Why is my house hotter in the evening than during the day?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "Building materials absorb heat slowly throughout the day and release it gradually over several hours — a property called thermal mass. How pronounced the effect is depends on construction: a stone cottage or Victorian terrace stays warm well into the night, while a timber frame new build or conservatory responds almost immediately to outdoor changes. SunScope's building type selector lets you match the model to your actual home so the indoor temperature lag it shows reflects your building rather than an average."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "How hot does pavement or concrete get in summer?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "Exposed concrete and tarmac can be 15–25 °C hotter than the surrounding air on a sunny day. Unlike grass they have no evaporative cooling and absorb a large fraction of solar radiation. This is a hazard for dogs on pavements, barefoot children, and cyclists. SunScope's Concrete surface column estimates this temperature using an energy-balance model driven by the real solar radiation forecast."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "What is the difference between UV-A and UV-B?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "UV-A has a longer wavelength and penetrates deeper into the skin. It is present throughout all daylight hours, passes through glass, and is the primary cause of long-term skin ageing. UV-B has a shorter wavelength, causes sunburn directly, and drives vitamin D production. UV-B intensity falls sharply at low solar elevations. SunScope shows both indices separately so you can make informed decisions about both immediate burn risk and long-term UV exposure."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "How long can I spend in the sun before I get sunburned?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "It depends on your skin type and the current UV index. SunScope's Burn time column estimates the minutes to one Minimal Erythemal Dose (MED) — the threshold for the onset of sunburn — based on the UV forecast and your Fitzpatrick skin type. Fair skin (type I–II) may burn in under 10 minutes at UV index 8+; darker skin can tolerate significantly longer exposure. Figures assume no sunscreen and direct unshaded exposure."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "What soil temperature do seeds need to germinate?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "Most vegetable seeds need soil temperatures above 7–10 °C to germinate reliably, with warm-season crops like courgettes and beans requiring 12–15 °C or more. SunScope shows both surface soil temperature and 6 cm depth temperature — the root zone where germination actually happens — so you can time sowing decisions accurately."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "How can I tell if the ground is too wet for a motorhome or caravan?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "SunScope's soil moisture column shows volumetric water content in m³/m³. A reading above 0.4 indicates saturated ground where a heavy vehicle is likely to sink or churn the surface. Below 0.2 is dry and firm. The Vehicle profile includes soil moisture by default for motorhome and caravan users assessing pitch suitability."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "What is the difference between UTCI and heat index?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "Heat index is a simple table-based formula that adjusts air temperature for humidity only — it was designed for shade conditions and ignores wind and solar radiation. UTCI is a full physiological model accounting for all four factors simultaneously: air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and mean radiant temperature from solar radiation and surrounding surfaces. In sunny or windy conditions the two values can differ by 10–20 °C. UTCI is the standard used in European heat-health warning systems."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "How accurate is SunScope?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "SunScope uses Open-Meteo forecast data sourced from ECMWF and national meteorological services. The UTCI calculation follows the peer-reviewed Bröde 2012 polynomial exactly. Derived columns (vehicle temperature, indoor temperature, concrete surface, UV) are physics-based estimates rather than measured values, and will vary based on local factors like building construction, shading, and surface colour."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "Does SunScope work outside the UK?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "Yes — SunScope works for any location worldwide. Search for any city, town, or village using the search bar. The indoor temperature model offers seven building types — brick, modern insulated, Victorian terrace, stone cottage, timber frame, top-floor flat, and conservatory — so you can match the model to your actual building wherever you are. All other columns are fully location-agnostic."
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}
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},
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{
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"@type": "Question",
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"name": "How far ahead does the forecast go?",
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"acceptedAnswer": {
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"@type": "Answer",
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"text": "The free tier shows 3 days of hourly data. The forecast auto-refreshes every 5 minutes while the page is open, so the current hour always reflects the latest available data from Open-Meteo."
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}
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}
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]
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}
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</script>
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</head>
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<body>
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<header>
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<a href="./index.html" class="logo"><span class="logo-sun">SUN</span><span class="logo-scope">Scope</span></a>
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<a href="./index.html">Home</a>
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<a href="./about.html" class="active">About</a>
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</header>
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<main>
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<h1>About SunScope</h1>
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<p class="tagline">The True Temperature — what the weather actually feels like on your body.</p>
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<h2>What is SunScope?</h2>
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<p>
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SunScope is a free outdoor thermal comfort forecast that goes well beyond standard air
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temperature. Most weather apps tell you it's 12 °C and leave you to guess whether that means
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a t-shirt or a heavy coat. SunScope combines air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar
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radiation into a single <strong>felt temperature</strong> — so you know what to actually expect
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when you step outside.
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</p>
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<p>
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The core calculation is the <strong>Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)</strong>, a
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peer-reviewed biometeorological standard developed by
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<a href="https://utci.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bröde et al. (2012)</a>
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and used globally in heat-health warning systems and urban planning. On top of that, SunScope
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layers its own <strong>soak-factor</strong> precipitation penalty — because UTCI alone doesn't
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account for the extra chill of rain soaking through your clothes on a windy day. The combined
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result is the <strong>UTCI+P</strong> score: a more honest, real-world comfort number.
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</p>
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<p>
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Forecast data is sourced in real time from <strong>Open-Meteo</strong>, a free and open-source
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weather API drawing on ECMWF and national meteorological services. The forecast refreshes
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automatically every five minutes and is available for any location worldwide.
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</p>
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<h2>What else does SunScope calculate?</h2>
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<p>
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SunScope goes far beyond a single felt-temperature number. Depending on the profile you choose,
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it can calculate and display a wide range of derived quantities, each built on the same
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per-hour weather data:
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Vehicle interior temperature.</strong> A physics-based model estimates how hot a sealed,
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parked vehicle gets over time — combining heat conducted through the roof and body panels with
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direct solar gain through the side windows. You can select your vehicle type (car, MPV, SUV,
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motorhome, or caravan), each of which has its own albedo, glazing area, and insulation
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characteristics. A <em>Windows open</em> toggle switches to a ventilated model where convective
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loss is roughly five times higher, dramatically reducing cabin heat build-up — mirroring the
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real-world effect of cracking the windows.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Indoor temperature.</strong> The <em>Indoors</em> column estimates the temperature
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inside a building with windows closed and no air conditioning, simulating wall conduction,
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window solar gain, and thermal mass hour by hour. You choose your building type from a dropdown
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— brick, modern insulated, Victorian terrace, stone cottage, timber frame, top-floor flat, or
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conservatory — and the physics model adjusts accordingly. Each type has its own insulation
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level, thermal mass, and glazing characteristics, so a stone cottage and a conservatory behave
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very differently on a hot day. Indoor temperatures typically peak 2–4 hours after the outdoor
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peak, which is why a house can still feel stifling at 10 pm on a summer day. Tick
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<em>Managed</em> alongside the dropdown to switch to the heatwave-advice model: curtains
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closed by day to cut solar gain, windows opened whenever outdoor air is cooler than inside.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Urban concrete surface temperature.</strong> Concrete and tarmac absorb far more solar
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energy than grass, and unlike grass they have no evaporative cooling. On a sunny summer
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afternoon, exposed paving can run 15–25 °C hotter than the surrounding air. SunScope models
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this using a surface energy balance approach that accounts for solar absorption, surface
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emissivity, and convective cooling by wind.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>UV and sunburn.</strong> SunScope splits the solar UV spectrum into UV-A and UV-B
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components. The burn-time column estimates how long before you reach one Minimal Erythemal
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Dose (the clinical threshold for sunburn) based on the UV index and your Fitzpatrick skin type
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— selected from a dropdown in the column bar.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Soil temperature and moisture.</strong> Surface and 6 cm soil temperatures are shown for
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agricultural and outdoor-work planning. Soil moisture indicates whether the ground is workable
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or saturated — particularly useful for motorhome and caravan pitching.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>The sky scope.</strong> The large circular visualisation at the top of the page shows
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the sky conditions for the currently selected hour. The sky colour smoothly interpolates through
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a full set of elevation-keyed gradients — from deep pre-dawn navy through golden sunrise, bright
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midday blue, warm sunset amber, and back to night — with a sun disc whose glow radius and
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intensity scale with the actual shortwave radiation at that moment. It refreshes automatically
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alongside the forecast.
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</p>
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<h2>What is the SunScope soak-factor?</h2>
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<p>
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Standard UTCI does not account for precipitation — it tells you how cold the wind and sun make
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you feel, but not the extra chill of rain soaking your clothing or snow settling on your skin.
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The <strong>SunScope soak-factor</strong> fills that gap with an original penalty formula.
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</p>
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<p>
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Light drizzle (under 1 mm/hr) reduces the felt temperature by roughly 1–2 °C. Heavy rain
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combined with strong wind can push it down by 7–8 °C. Snowfall carries an additional penalty
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on top of any rain adjustment. The result is shown in the <strong>UTCI+P</strong> column —
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a more honest, real-world comfort score for anyone heading outdoors.
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</p>
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<h2>Forecast profiles</h2>
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<p>
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SunScope organises its columns into <strong>profiles</strong> — curated sets of data tailored
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to different activities and use cases. Rather than showing every column at once, each profile
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surfaces the information that actually matters for that situation. You can switch profiles
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using the row of buttons above the forecast table. The <strong>Outdoors</strong> profile
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includes a sub-dropdown in the Columns bar to choose between Beach, Festival, Events,
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Naturist, and Winter Sports. Switch to <strong>Custom</strong> to pick individual columns
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yourself.
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</p>
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<div class="profile-block">
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<p class="profile-name">🏙️ Urban</p>
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<p>
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Designed for anyone moving around a city on foot — commuting, shopping, sightseeing.
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The urban environment creates its own microclimate: buildings channel wind into gusts down
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narrow streets, concrete absorbs heat all day and radiates it back long after sunset, and
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the lack of vegetation means there's no evaporative cooling. The Urban profile shows
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<strong>air temperature</strong>, <strong>wind speed and direction</strong> (useful for
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finding sheltered routes), <strong>cloud cover</strong>, <strong>UV-A index</strong> and
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<strong>burn time</strong> for sun protection, <strong>UTCI+P</strong> for overall felt
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comfort, <strong>precipitation</strong>, and <strong>concrete surface temperature</strong>
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— the heat radiating up from pavement that standard forecasts completely ignore.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-block">
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<p class="profile-name">🌾 Farming</p>
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<p>
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Built for anyone working the land — farmers, growers, and market gardeners. Decision-making
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in agriculture is driven by conditions at ground level, not just the air. The Farming profile
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shows <strong>air temperature</strong>, <strong>relative humidity</strong> and
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<strong>dew point</strong> (critical for frost risk assessment and disease pressure on crops),
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<strong>wind speed and direction</strong> (essential for safe spraying windows),
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<strong>cloud cover</strong> and <strong>sun elevation</strong> for light levels,
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<strong>UTCI</strong> for heat stress on the person working outdoors,
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<strong>precipitation</strong>, and the three soil columns:
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<strong>surface soil temperature</strong>, <strong>soil temperature at 6 cm</strong>
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(the root zone for most seedlings), and <strong>soil moisture</strong> — so you know
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whether the ground is workable or waterlogged before you head out.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-block">
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<p class="profile-name">⛵ Sailing</p>
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<p>
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Wind is everything on the water, and the conditions out at sea can be dramatically different
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from what the shore feels like. The Sailing profile leads with what matters most:
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<strong>air temperature</strong> (hypothermia is a real risk — water conducts heat away from
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the body twenty-five times faster than air), <strong>dew point</strong> (condensation on
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sails and equipment is a practical concern at dawn and dusk), <strong>wind speed</strong>
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with gusts, <strong>wind direction</strong>, <strong>cloud cover</strong>, and
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<strong>sun elevation</strong> for visibility and glare. UV exposure is significantly higher
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on open water due to reflection off the surface, so <strong>UV-A index</strong> and
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<strong>burn time</strong> are included. <strong>UTCI+P</strong> captures the combined
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misery of wet, windy conditions, and <strong>precipitation</strong> rounds out the picture
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for passage planning.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-block">
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<p class="profile-name">🚗 Vehicle</p>
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<p>
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Covers the parked and travelling vehicle experience — especially useful for anyone with
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children or pets, motorhome travellers, and caravan owners. The headline column is
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<strong>vehicle interior temperature</strong>: a physics-based estimate of how hot the
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cabin gets when parked and sealed, adjusted for your chosen vehicle type (car, MPV, SUV,
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motorhome, or caravan). <strong>Wind speed</strong> is included because it matters
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significantly for high-sided vehicles and caravans. <strong>Cloud cover</strong> and
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<strong>air temperature</strong> give context, <strong>precipitation</strong> covers
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driving conditions, and <strong>UTCI+P</strong> tells you what it will feel like when
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you step outside. <strong>Soil moisture</strong> is included specifically for motorhome
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and caravan users — values above 0.4 m³/m³ indicate saturated ground where pitching
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or manoeuvring is likely to cause problems.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-block">
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<p class="profile-name">🏠 Home</p>
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<p>
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For managing indoor comfort without air conditioning. The indoor temperature column is
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central: select your building type from the dropdown (UK brick, modern insulated, Victorian
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terrace, stone cottage, timber frame, top-floor flat, or conservatory) and the physics model
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adjusts for that building's insulation, thermal mass, and glazing characteristics. Tick
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<strong>Managed</strong> to switch to the heatwave-advice model — curtains closed by day
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to block solar gain, windows opened whenever outdoor air is cooler than inside.
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Indoor temperatures typically peak 2–4 hours after the outdoor peak due to thermal mass,
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and the model reflects this lag for each building type. Supporting columns include
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<strong>air temperature</strong>, <strong>relative humidity</strong> and
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<strong>dew point</strong> (important for condensation and mould risk in cooler months),
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<strong>wind speed</strong> for ventilation decisions, <strong>cloud cover</strong>,
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and <strong>precipitation</strong> — so you know whether to open the windows or bring
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the washing in.
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</p>
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||
</div>
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<div class="profile-block">
|
||
<p class="profile-name">🌤️ Outdoors</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
A single profile covering five distinct outdoor leisure activities, each with its own
|
||
tailored column set. Select the activity from the dropdown in the Columns bar after
|
||
activating the Outdoors profile.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Beach</strong> — UV exposure at the coast is significantly higher than inland:
|
||
water reflects up to 25% of incoming UV back at you, and wet sand nearly as much. Both
|
||
<strong>UV-A</strong> and <strong>UV-B</strong> are shown alongside <strong>burn
|
||
time</strong> for your skin type. <strong>Dew point</strong> captures the humidity that
|
||
makes hot beach days feel muggy, <strong>wind speed and direction</strong> matters for
|
||
comfort and sea state, and <strong>sun elevation</strong> tells you when the UV load
|
||
peaks. <strong>UTCI+P</strong> and <strong>precipitation</strong> round out the picture
|
||
for day planning.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Festival</strong> — multi-day outdoor events live or die by two things: the
|
||
weather comfort and the state of the ground. The Festival variant focuses on
|
||
<strong>UTCI+P</strong> for how cold and wet conditions will actually feel, <strong>wind
|
||
speed and direction</strong> for tent and stage exposure, <strong>dew point</strong> for
|
||
overnight condensation, <strong>UV-A</strong> and <strong>burn time</strong> for daytime
|
||
sun protection, <strong>precipitation</strong> for planning, and <strong>soil
|
||
moisture</strong> — the mud indicator. Values above 0.4 m³/m³ mean the ground is
|
||
saturated and vehicle access, camping areas, and walkways will be affected.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Events</strong> — for general outdoor gatherings: markets, sports fixtures, open-air
|
||
concerts, and public events. Focuses on the crowd comfort picture: <strong>air
|
||
temperature</strong>, <strong>wind speed and direction</strong> (useful for exposed
|
||
grandstands and open sites), <strong>cloud cover</strong>, <strong>UV-A</strong> and
|
||
<strong>burn time</strong> for daytime events, <strong>UTCI+P</strong> for overall felt
|
||
comfort, <strong>precipitation</strong>, and <strong>concrete surface temperature</strong>
|
||
— relevant for anyone standing or sitting on sun-exposed hard standing for extended periods.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Naturist</strong> — with no clothing buffer between skin and environment, every
|
||
weather variable matters more. Wind chill at even modest speeds becomes significant, so
|
||
both the raw <strong>UTCI</strong> and <strong>UTCI+P</strong> are shown. Both <strong>UV-A
|
||
</strong> and <strong>UV-B</strong> are included — full-body UV exposure is a serious
|
||
consideration — alongside <strong>burn time</strong>, <strong>sun elevation</strong>,
|
||
<strong>dew point</strong> for humidity comfort, <strong>wind</strong>, <strong>cloud
|
||
cover</strong>, and <strong>precipitation</strong>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Winter Sports</strong> — for skiers, snowboarders, and mountain walkers. UV
|
||
intensity increases by roughly 10% for every 1,000 m of altitude, and snow reflects up
|
||
to 80% of UV back upward — making mountain environments one of the highest-risk UV
|
||
exposures outside a solarium. Both <strong>UV-A</strong> and <strong>UV-B</strong> are
|
||
shown with <strong>burn time</strong>. <strong>Wind speed and direction</strong> is
|
||
critical for wind chill at speed and for avalanche and exposure risk on open slopes.
|
||
<strong>Sun elevation</strong> indicates glare and visibility conditions on snow.
|
||
<strong>UTCI+P</strong> captures the real felt temperature, and <strong>air
|
||
temperature</strong>, <strong>cloud cover</strong>, and <strong>precipitation</strong>
|
||
(snow vs rain) complete the picture.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Column reference</h2>
|
||
<p>Every column in the SunScope forecast table is described below.</p>
|
||
|
||
<table class="stress-table col-ref-table">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr><th>Column</th><th>What it shows</th></tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Air °C</strong></td><td>Standard air temperature at 2 m above ground — the thermometer reading. Does not account for sun, wind, or humidity.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>RH %</strong></td><td>Relative humidity: how much moisture the air holds as a percentage of its maximum capacity at that temperature. High RH makes warm days feel stickier and cold days feel rawer.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Dew Point</strong></td><td>The temperature at which air becomes saturated and moisture begins to condense. Above 16 °C it starts to feel muggy; above 21 °C it feels oppressive. A better measure of absolute humidity than RH.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Wind</strong></td><td>Mean wind speed at 10 m, with peak gust in brackets where significantly higher. Wind is the primary driver of wind chill — a key ingredient in the UTCI calculation.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Dir</strong></td><td>The compass direction the wind is blowing from, shown as an arrow and abbreviated label. Useful for route planning and spray timing.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Cloud</strong></td><td>Total cloud cover as a percentage of sky. High cloud blocks solar radiation, reducing daytime heating and UV exposure.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Sun °</strong></td><td>The angle of the sun above the horizon in degrees. Below 0° the sun has set. The higher the elevation, the more intense the radiation reaching the ground.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Direct W/m²</strong></td><td>Shortwave solar radiation arriving as a direct beam from the sun. The primary driver of skin heating on sunny days.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Diffuse W/m²</strong></td><td>Solar radiation scattered from all directions across the sky. Present even under cloud cover; contributes to the overall solar heat load.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Tmrt °C</strong></td><td>Mean Radiant Temperature — the temperature your skin effectively "sees" from all surrounding surfaces and the sun combined. Can exceed air temperature by 20–30 °C on a sunny day; this is why shade feels so much cooler.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>UTCI−Air Δ</strong></td><td>The gap between the UTCI felt temperature and the plain air temperature. A large positive value means solar radiation is adding significant heat stress beyond what the thermometer shows.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>UTCI °C</strong></td><td>Universal Thermal Climate Index — the raw felt temperature combining air temp, humidity, wind, and solar radiation. Does not include precipitation effects.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>UV-A</strong></td><td>Estimated UV-A radiation index. UV-A penetrates deeper into the skin and contributes to long-term ageing and some skin cancers, even through glass. Present throughout daylight hours.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>UV-B</strong></td><td>Estimated UV-B radiation index. Causes sunburn and drives vitamin D production. Intensity falls sharply at low solar elevations due to the longer atmospheric path length.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Burn time</strong></td><td>Estimated time to reach one Minimal Erythemal Dose (MED) — the threshold for sunburn — based on the UV index and your selected Fitzpatrick skin type. A guide, not a medical measurement.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>UTCI+P °C</strong></td><td>SunScope's adjusted felt temperature: UTCI plus the soak-factor penalty for rain and snow. Wet clothing and skin can reduce the effective felt temperature by up to 8 °C in heavy, windy rain.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Precip mm</strong></td><td>Expected rainfall or snowfall in mm per hour. Even light drizzle meaningfully reduces felt temperature when combined with wind.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Soil °C surface</strong></td><td>Temperature of the soil at the surface (0 cm depth). Most seeds germinate above 7–10 °C. Useful for sowing decisions and frost assessment.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Soil °C 6 cm</strong></td><td>Soil temperature at 6 cm depth — the root zone for many crops and seedlings. Lags behind the surface by several hours.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Soil moisture</strong></td><td>Volumetric water content of the top 1 cm of soil in m³/m³. Above 0.4 indicates saturated ground; below 0.2 is dry. Useful for assessing whether ground is workable, and for motorhome or caravan pitch suitability.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Concrete °C</strong></td><td>Estimated temperature of sun-exposed urban paving. Concrete absorbs more solar energy than grass and cannot cool itself through evaporation — surface temps can run 15–25 °C above air temperature on sunny days.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Vehicle °C</strong></td><td>Estimated ambient cabin temperature inside a sealed, parked vehicle — adjusted for your chosen vehicle type. Values above 35 °C are dangerous for children and pets; above 45 °C potentially fatal within minutes.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Indoors °C</strong></td><td>Estimated temperature inside a building with windows closed and no active cooling. Select your building type from the dropdown — brick, modern insulated, Victorian terrace, stone cottage, timber frame, top-floor flat, or conservatory. Each type has its own insulation, thermal mass, and glazing characteristics. Indoor peak typically lags the outdoor peak by 2–4 hours due to thermal mass.</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><strong>Managed °C</strong></td><td>The same building model with two interventions applied: curtains closed by day to block solar gain, and windows opened whenever outdoor air is cooler than inside. Toggle with the Managed tick next to the building dropdown. Shows how much passive cooling can reduce indoor heat compared to doing nothing.</td></tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Urban heat: concrete surface temperature</h2>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The UTCI standard was developed with a natural grass surface as its reference ground — the
|
||
assumption being that you're standing in a park or open field. In a city, that assumption
|
||
breaks down. Concrete and tarmac absorb more solar energy than grass, and unlike grass they
|
||
cannot cool themselves through evaporation. On a sunny summer afternoon, exposed concrete
|
||
can run 15–25 °C hotter than the surrounding air.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
SunScope's <strong>Concrete surface</strong> column estimates the temperature of sun-exposed
|
||
urban paving using an energy-balance model that accounts for how much solar radiation the
|
||
surface absorbs, how efficiently the air above it carries that heat away (which depends on
|
||
wind speed), and the reflective properties of typical urban concrete. The result gives you
|
||
a sense of the contact heat stress you'd experience sitting, standing, or walking barefoot
|
||
on city surfaces — something the standard UTCI value alone won't tell you.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The column is enabled by default in the <strong>Urban</strong> profile and colour-coded:
|
||
values above 30 °C are shown in amber, above 40 °C in red.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Vehicle interior temperature</h2>
|
||
<p>
|
||
A sealed, parked vehicle heats up far faster than most people expect. SunScope's
|
||
<strong>Vehicle</strong> column models the ambient cabin air temperature experienced by an
|
||
occupant who is seated out of direct sunlight — the classic scenario of a child or pet left
|
||
inside a parked car.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The calculation combines two physical processes. The first is <strong>body panel
|
||
conduction</strong>: metal body panels (roof, doors, bonnet) absorb solar radiation and
|
||
conduct heat into the cabin regardless of the sun's position in the sky. This is the slow,
|
||
relentless background heat that builds even on overcast days. The second is
|
||
<strong>side-window solar gain</strong>: when the sun is at an elevation where its rays
|
||
cut through the side glass rather than striking the roof or reflecting off at a shallow
|
||
angle, additional heat enters the cabin. Because the occupant is modelled as sitting out of
|
||
the direct beam, this energy goes into raising the ambient cabin air temperature rather than
|
||
heating the person directly — which is precisely what makes it so dangerous. The air around
|
||
you heats up steadily while you remain unaware of how hot the environment has become.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Wind speed has almost no effect on a sealed vehicle and is not factored in. The figure shown
|
||
represents a steady-state cabin temperature reached after approximately 45–60 minutes of
|
||
parking. Values above 35 °C are shown in amber (dangerous for children and pets); above
|
||
45 °C in red (potentially fatal within minutes).
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Reading the stress bands</h2>
|
||
<p>SunScope maps every UTCI+P value to a thermal stress band so you can read conditions at a glance:</p>
|
||
|
||
<table class="stress-table">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr><th>UTCI range</th><th>Band</th><th>What it means outdoors</th></tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#23408f"></span>Below −27 °C</td><td>Polar</td><td>Survivable only with expedition-grade kit; do not go outside unprepared</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#3f73c4"></span>−27 to −13 °C</td><td>Arctic</td><td>Very strong cold stress; full winter protection needed</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#7eb0e0"></span>−13 to 0 °C</td><td>Freezing</td><td>Strong cold stress; warm layers essential</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#bcd9ec"></span>0 to 9 °C</td><td>Cold</td><td>Moderate cold stress; coat and gloves advised</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#c8dcc0"></span>9 to 18 °C</td><td>Chilled</td><td>Slight cold stress; comfortable with a light jacket</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#6ab05a"></span>18 to 26 °C</td><td>Comfortable</td><td>No thermal stress; ideal outdoor conditions</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#f5c842"></span>26 to 32 °C</td><td>Mod heat</td><td>Moderate heat stress; stay hydrated</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#f5821f"></span>32 to 38 °C</td><td>Strong heat</td><td>Strong heat stress; limit strenuous activity</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#e03030"></span>38 to 46 °C</td><td>V. strong heat</td><td>Very strong heat stress; seek shade and cool fluids</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="swatch" style="background:#8b1a1a"></span>Above 46 °C</td><td>Extreme heat</td><td>Extreme heat stress; dangerous for outdoor exposure</td></tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Frequently asked questions</h2>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">Why does SunScope sometimes show a much higher temperature than my regular weather app?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">On clear, sunny days direct solar radiation heats your skin significantly — sometimes adding 10 °C or more to what the air temperature alone would suggest. SunScope calculates Mean Radiant Temperature from shortwave radiation data, capturing this effect. Standard weather apps ignore it entirely.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">Why does SunScope sometimes show a lower temperature than my regular weather app?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">Wind chill and precipitation both reduce felt temperature. If it's raining or blustery, the UTCI+P value will be noticeably lower than the thermometer reading — which is exactly what your body experiences.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">What is UTCI and why is it better than a standard feels-like temperature?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is a peer-reviewed biometeorological standard developed by Bröde et al. (2012) and used in public health systems worldwide. Unlike simple "feels like" values — which typically only apply a basic wind-chill or heat-index formula — UTCI combines air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and the full solar radiation load using a physiological model of the human body. It accounts for the mean radiant temperature your skin "sees" from all surrounding surfaces, not just the air around you. This makes it a much more accurate predictor of actual thermal comfort and heat stress.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">How hot does a car get in the sun?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">A sealed car in direct sunlight can reach cabin temperatures 20–30 °C above outside air temperature within 30–45 minutes. On a 25 °C day with strong sun, cabin air can hit 50–55 °C. SunScope models this hour by hour using the actual solar radiation forecast for your location, accounting for body panel conduction and window solar gain. Select the Vehicle profile and choose your vehicle type to see the estimate. Values above 35 °C are dangerous for children and pets; above 45 °C can be fatal within minutes.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">Does opening car windows reduce the temperature inside?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">Yes, significantly. Open windows allow convective airflow to flush hot cabin air out continuously, reducing the heat build-up by roughly 60–80% compared to a sealed vehicle. SunScope's Vehicle column has a Ventilation toggle that switches the physics model to a ventilated state, showing you the estimated cabin temperature with windows open compared to fully sealed.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">Is it safe to leave a dog in a parked car?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">No — on any warm or sunny day, even with cloud cover, a sealed vehicle heats up rapidly to temperatures that can cause heatstroke and death in animals within minutes. Dogs cannot cool themselves as efficiently as humans and are at risk at cabin temperatures above 32 °C. SunScope's Vehicle interior column gives an hour-by-hour estimate of cabin temperature: if the forecast shows values in amber (above 35 °C) or red (above 45 °C), the vehicle is not safe for a dog, cat, or young child, even for a few minutes.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">How do I keep my house cool in a heatwave without air conditioning?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">The standard approach is to keep curtains and blinds closed during the day to block direct solar gain through windows, then open windows once the outdoor air temperature drops below the indoor temperature — usually in the evening or early morning. SunScope's Home profile lets you select your building type (brick, modern, Victorian terrace, stone cottage, timber frame, flat, or conservatory) so the model reflects how your building actually heats up. Ticking Managed shows what you could achieve by following this advice, hour by hour — so you can see exactly when to open up for maximum benefit and how much difference it actually makes.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">Why is my house hotter in the evening than during the day?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">Building materials absorb heat slowly throughout the day and release it gradually over several hours — a property called thermal mass. How pronounced the effect is depends heavily on construction: a solid stone cottage or Victorian terrace has very high thermal mass and can stay warm well into the night, while a timber frame new build or conservatory responds almost immediately to outdoor temperature changes. SunScope's building type dropdown lets you match the model to your actual home, so the indoor temperature lag it shows reflects your building rather than an average.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">How hot does pavement or concrete get in summer?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">Exposed concrete and tarmac can be 15–25 °C hotter than the surrounding air on a sunny day. Unlike grass, they have no evaporative cooling mechanism and their dark colour means they absorb a large fraction of incoming solar radiation. This is a real hazard for dogs walking on pavements, barefoot children, and cyclists — and it also radiates heat back upward, making urban areas feel significantly warmer than open countryside. SunScope's Concrete surface column estimates this temperature using an energy-balance model driven by the real solar radiation forecast.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">What is UV-A and UV-B and what is the difference?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">UV-A has a longer wavelength and penetrates deeper into the skin. It is present throughout all daylight hours, passes through glass, and is the primary cause of long-term skin ageing and contributes to some skin cancers. UV-B has a shorter wavelength, causes sunburn directly, and drives vitamin D production. UV-B intensity is much more angle-dependent: it is strongest when the sun is high and falls sharply in the early morning and late afternoon due to the longer atmospheric path the radiation has to travel. SunScope shows both indices separately so you can make informed decisions about both immediate burn risk and long-term UV exposure.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">How long can I spend in the sun before I get sunburned?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">It depends on your skin type and the current UV index. SunScope's Burn time column estimates the minutes to one Minimal Erythemal Dose (MED) — the clinical threshold for the onset of sunburn — based on the UV forecast and your Fitzpatrick skin type, selectable from the column bar. Fair skin (type I–II) may burn in under 10 minutes at UV index 8+; darker skin (type V–VI) can tolerate significantly longer exposure. These figures assume no sunscreen and direct, unshaded exposure.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">When is it safe to spray crops or apply pesticides?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">Safe spraying requires low wind speeds (typically below 3 m/s), low temperatures to minimise evaporation and drift, and ideally no rain forecast within several hours. SunScope's Farming profile shows wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point (to assess inversion risk and overnight settling conditions), and precipitation — giving you all the variables you need in one view without switching between apps.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">What soil temperature do seeds need to germinate?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">Most vegetable seeds need soil temperatures above 7–10 °C to germinate reliably, with warm-season crops like courgettes, beans, and sweetcorn requiring 12–15 °C or more. SunScope shows both surface soil temperature and 6 cm depth temperature — the root zone where germination actually happens. The 6 cm figure lags behind the surface by several hours and gives a more realistic picture of what seeds in the ground are actually experiencing.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">How can I tell if the ground is too wet for a motorhome or caravan?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">SunScope's soil moisture column shows the volumetric water content of the top centimetre of soil in m³/m³. A reading above 0.4 indicates saturated ground where a heavy vehicle is likely to sink or churn the surface. Below 0.2 is dry and firm. The Vehicle profile includes soil moisture by default precisely for motorhome and caravan users who need to assess pitch suitability before arriving on site.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">How far ahead does the forecast go?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">The free tier shows 3 days of hourly data. The forecast auto-refreshes every 5 minutes while the page is open, so the current hour always reflects the latest available data from Open-Meteo.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">How accurate is SunScope?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">SunScope uses Open-Meteo forecast data sourced from ECMWF and national meteorological services — the same underlying models used by professional forecasters. The UTCI calculation follows the peer-reviewed Bröde 2012 polynomial exactly. The derived columns (vehicle temperature, indoor temperature, concrete surface, UV) are physics-based estimates rather than measured values, and should be treated as informed approximations. Real-world values will vary based on local factors like building construction, shading, surface colour, and vegetation.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">Is SunScope free?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">SunScope beta is currently free to use for any location worldwide. As the product develops, some features may move to a paid tier — but core forecasting will always be accessible.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">What data sources does SunScope use?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">Forecast data comes from <a href="https://open-meteo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Open-Meteo</a>, which aggregates ECMWF, GFS, and national meteorological service models. The UTCI calculation follows the Bröde et al. 2012 polynomial. Geolocation search uses the Open-Meteo geocoding API.</p>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details class="faq-block">
|
||
<summary class="faq-q">Does SunScope work outside the UK?</summary>
|
||
<p class="faq-a">Yes — SunScope works for any location worldwide. Search for any city, town, or village using the search bar. The indoor temperature model offers seven building types — brick, modern insulated, Victorian terrace, stone cottage, timber frame, top-floor flat, and conservatory — so you can pick the one that best matches your building wherever you are. All other columns (UTCI, vehicle, UV, soil, concrete) are fully location-agnostic.</p>
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</details>
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<details class="faq-block">
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<summary class="faq-q">What is the difference between UTCI and heat index?</summary>
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<p class="faq-a">Heat index is a simple table-based formula that adjusts air temperature for humidity only — it was designed for shade conditions and ignores wind and solar radiation entirely. UTCI is a full physiological model that accounts for all four factors simultaneously: air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and the mean radiant temperature from solar radiation and surrounding surfaces. In sunny, windy, or mixed conditions, the two values can differ by 10–20 °C. UTCI is the standard used in European heat-health warning systems and urban heat research.</p>
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</details>
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<details class="faq-block">
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||
<summary class="faq-q">Why does the sky display show the wrong time of day?</summary>
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||
<p class="faq-a">The sky scope always shows current conditions — it reflects the actual time right now, not the hour you are browsing in the table. The sun position, sky colour, and glow intensity are all calculated from the real solar elevation and radiation data for the current moment. If you are looking at a future or past hour in the forecast table, the sky display will not follow — it stays locked to now.</p>
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</details>
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<h2>Get in touch</h2>
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<p>
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||
SunScope is an independent project. If you have feedback, spotted a bug, or are interested in
|
||
using SunScope data for your business or website, feel free to reach out via
|
||
<a href="mailto:hello@sunscope.net">hello@sunscope.net</a>.
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</p>
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© 2026 <a href="https://fraxle.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fraxle.NET</a> · <a href="./index.html">Forecast</a> · <a href="./about.html">About</a> · Data: <a href="https://open-meteo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Open-Meteo</a> · UTCI: <a href="https://utci.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bröde 2012</a>
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